Inventions and Discoveries

Invention	Year	Inventor	country
Acetylene Gas	1862	Berthelot	France
Adding machine	1642	Pascal	France
Adhesive tape, Scotch	1930	Richard Drew	USA
Aeroplane	1903	Orville & Wilbur Wright	USA
Air conditioning	1902	Carrier	USA
Aeroplane, jet engine	1939	Ohain	Germany
Airship(non-rigid)	1852	Henri Giffard	France
Aerosol spray	1926	Erik Rotheim	Norway
Artificial heart	1957	William Kolff	Netherlands
Atomic bomb	1945	J Robert Oppenheimer	USA
atomic numbers	1913	Moseley	Britain
atomic theory	1803	Dalton	Britain
automatic rifle	1918	John Browning	USA
Bakelite	1907	Leo H Baekeland	Belgium
ballistic missile	1944	Wernher von Braun	Germany
balloon	1783	Jacques & Joseph Montgolfier	France
ballpoint pen	1888	John J loud	USA
barometer	1644	Evangelista Torricelli	Italy
battery(electric)	1800	Alessandro Volta	Italy
bicycle	1839-40	Kirkpatrick Macmillan	Britain
bicycle tyres(pneumatic)	1888	John Boyd Duniop	Britain
bifocal lens	1780	Benjamin Franklin	USA
bleaching powder	1798	Tennant	Britain
Bunsen Burner	1855	R. Willhelm von Bunsen	Germany
burglar alarms	1858	Edwin T. Holmes	USA
calculus	1670	Newton	Britain
camera, Kodak	1888	Walker Eastman	USA
canned food	1804	Appert	France
Car(Steam)	1769	Nicolas Cugnot	France
car(Petrol)	1888	Karl Benz	Germany
Carburettor	1876	Gottlieb Daimler	Germany
Cassette, Audio	1963	Philips co.	Holland
Cassette videotape	1969	Sony	Japan
Celluloid	1861	Alexander Parkes	Britain
Cement (Portland)	1824	Joseph Aspdin	Britain
Chemotheraphy	1909	Ehrlich	Germany
Chronometer	1735	John Harrison	Britain
Cinema	1895	Nicolas and Jean Lumiere	France
Clock (Mechanical)	1725	I Hsing & Liang Ling Tsan	China
Cloning, DNA	1973	Boyer, Cohen	USA
Cloning, mammal	1996	Wilmut, et al	UK
Compact disc	1972	RCA	USA
Compact disc player	1979	Sony, Philips co	Japan, Netherlands
Computer, laptop	1987	Sinclair	Britain
Computer,mini	1960	Digital corp	USA
Crossword puzzle	1913	Arthur Wynne	USA
CT Scan	1973	Hounsfield	Britain
Diesel engine	1895	Rudolf Diesel	Germany
Disc brakes	1902	Dr. F Lanchester	Britain
Disc, video	1972	Phillips co	Holland
DNA, structure	1951	Crick-UK,Watson-US,Wilkins-UK	--
Dynamo	1832	Hypolite Pixii	France
Electric flat iron	1882	H.W. Seeley	USA
Electric lamp	1879	Thomas alva Edison	USA
electric motor (DC)	1873	Zenobe Gramme	Belgium
Electric motor (AC)	1888	Nikola Tesla	USA
Electric iron	1882	Henry W.Seely	USA
Electric washing machine	1906	Alva J Fisher	USA
Electromagnet	1824	William Sturgeon	Britain
Electron	1897	Thomson J	Britain
Electroplating	1805	Luigi Brugnatelli	Italy
Electronic computer	1824	Dr Alan M turning	Britain
Facsimile machine	1843	Alexander Bain	Britain
Fibre-optics	1955	Kepany	Britain
Film (moving outlines)	1885	Louise Prince	France
Film (talking)	1922	J. Engl, J.Mussolle & H Vogt	Germany
Film (musical sound)	1923	Dr Le de forest	USA
Floppy disk	1970	IBM	USA
Frequency modulation	1933	EH Armstrong	USA
Frisbee	1948	Fred Morrisson	USA
Fountain pen	1884	Lewis E. Waterman	USA
Galvanometer	1834	Andre-Marie Ampere	France
Glider	1853	Sir George Cayley	Britain
Gramophone	1878	Thomas Alva Edison	USA
Helicopter	1924	Etinne Oehmichen	France
HIV	1984	Martagnier	France
Holography	1947	Denis Gason	Britain
Hydrogen bomb	1952	Edward Teller	USA
Intelligence testing	1905	Simon Binet	France
Jet engine	1937	Sir Frank Whittle	Britain
Laser	1960	Theodore Maiman	USA
Launderette	1934	J.F. Cantrell	USA
Lift (mechanical)	1852	Elisha G Otis	USA
Lightning conductor	1752	Benjamin Franklin	USA
Locomotive	1804	Richard Trevithick	Britain
Logarithms	1614	Napier	Britain
Loom, power	1785	E cartwright	Britain
Loudspeaker	1900	Horace Short	Britain
Machine gun	1718	Richard Gatling	Britain
Magnetic recording tape	1928	Fritz Pfleumer	Germany
Match, safety	1826	John Walker	Britain
Microphone	1876	Alexander Graham Bell	USA
Microprocessor	1971	Robert Noyce & Gordon Moore	USA
Microscope,comp	1590	Z.Janssen	Netherlands
Microscopes, elect	1931	Ruska Knoll	Germany
Microwave oven	1947	Percy LeBaron Spencer	USA
Motorcycle	1885	G. Daimler	Germany
Movie projector	1593	Thomas Edison	USA
MRI	1971	Damadian	USA
Neon lamp	1910	George Claude	France
Neutron	1932	Chadwick	Britain
Neutron bomb	1958	Samuel Cohan	USA
Nylon	1937	Dr Wallace H Carothers	USA
Optical fibre	1955	Narinder Kapany	Germany
Paper	AD 105	-	China
Pacemaker	1952	Zoll	USA is
Pasteurization	1867	Lewis Pasteur	France
Pencil	1792	Lacques Nicolas Conte	France
Periodic table	1869	Mendeleyev	Russia
Photocopier	1938	Carlson	USA
Photoelectric cell	1893	Julius Elster, Hans F Geitel	Germany
Photo film, celluloid	1893	Reichenbach	USA
Photo film, transparent	1884	Goodwin Eastman	USA
Photography (on metal)	1826	J.N. Niepce	France
Photography (on paper)	1835	W.H. Fox Talbot	Britain
Photography (on film)	1888	John Carbutt	USA
Piano	1709	Cristofori	Italy
Pistol, revolver	1836	Colt	USA
Plutonium fission	1940	Kennedy, whal,Seaborg,Segre	USA
Pop-up toaster	1927	Charles Strite	USA
Printing press	1455	Johann Gutenberg	Germany
Printing (rotatory)	1846	Richard Hoe	USA
Printing (Web)	1865	William Bullock	USA
Proton	1919	Rutherford	New Zealand
Quantum theory	1900	Plank	Germany
Radar	1922	AH Taylor and Leo C Young	USA
Radiocarbon dating	1947	Libby	USA
Radio telegrapy	1864	Dr Mohlon Loomis	USA
Radio telegrapy (trans Atlantic)	1901	G Marconi	Italy
Rayon	1883	Sir Joseph Swan	Britain
Razor (electric)	1931	Col Jacob Schick	USA
Razor (safety)	1895	King C Gillette	USA
Refrigerator	1850	James Harrison, Alexandre catlin	USA
Relativity theory	1905	Einstein	Germany
Rubber (latex foam)	1928	Dunlop Rubber Co.	Britain
Rubber (Tyres)	1846	Thomas Hancock	Britain
Rubber (Vulcanised)	1841	Charles Goodyear	USA
Rubber (waterproof)	1823	Charles Macintosh	Britain
Safety pin	1849	Walter Hunt	USA
Safety razor	1903	King camp Gillette	USA
Seatbelt	1959	Volvo	Sweden
Self-starter	1911	Charles F Kettering	USA
Ship (steam)	1775	IC Perier	France
Ship (turbine)	1894	Hon Sir C Parson	Britain
Silk manufacture	50 BC	-	China
Skyscraper	1882	W Le Baron Jenny	USA
Slide rule	1621	William Oughtred	Britain
Spinning frame	1769	Sir Richard Arkwright	Britain
Spinning Jenny	1764	JamesHargreaves	Britain
Spinning Mule	1779	Samuel Crompton	Britain
Steam Engine	1698	Thomas Savery	Britain
Steam Engine(Piston)	1712	Thomas Newcomen	Britain
Steam Engine(Condenser)	1765	James Watt	Britain
Steel(Stainless)	1913	Harry Brealey	Britain
Stethoscope	1819	Laennec	French
Submarine	1776	David Bushnell	USA
Super Computer	1976	J.H Van Tassel	USA
Synthesiser	1964	Moog	USA
Tank	1914	Sir Emest D Swington	Britain
Tape recorder	1899	Fessenden Poulsen	Denmark
Telegraph	1787	M Lammond	France
Telegraph code	1837	Samuel FB Morse	USA
Telephone, cellular	1947	Bell Labs	USA
Telephone (imperfect)	1849	Antonio Meucci	Italy
Telephone (perfected)	1876	Alexander Graham Bell	USA
Telescope	1608	Hans Lippershey	Netherlands
Television (mechanical)	1926	John Logie Baird	Britain
Television (electronic)	1927	P.T Farnsworth	USA
Television, colour	1928	John Logie Baird	Britain
Transformer	1831	Michael Faraday	Britain
Transistor	1948	Bardeen, Shockley & Brattain	USA
Transistor radio	1955	Sony	Japan
Uranium fission, atomic reactor	1942	Szilard Fermi	USA
Vacuum cleaner	1907	Spangler	USA
Videotape	1956	Charles Ginsberg	USA
Velcro(hook-and-loop-fastner)	1948	Geprges de Mestral	Switzerland
Washing machine(elec)	1907	Hurley Machine co	USA
Watch	1462	Bartholomew Manfredi	Italy
Welder (electric)	1877	Elisha Thomson	USA
Windmill	600	Persian corn grinding	-
Wireless (telegraph the)	1896	G Marconi	Italy
x-ray	1895	W.K Roentgen	Geremany
Zip Fastener	1891	W.L Judson	USA

Constitution of India and Polity

The present constitution of India was framed by the Constitution Assembly of India setup under Cabinet Mission Plan of May 16, 1946.
Composition of Constituent Assembly:-

• The Constituent Assembly consisted of 385 members, of which 292 were elected by he elected members of the Provincial Legislative Assemblies while 93 members were nominated by the Princely States. To these were to be added a representative each from the four Chief Commissioners Provinces of Delhi, Ajmer-Marwar, Coorg and British Baluchistan.
• Each Province and each Indian State or group of States were allotted the total number of seas proportional to their respective population roughly in the ration of one to a million.
• B N Rao was appointed the Constitutional Advisor of the Assembly.
• The first meeting of the Constituent Assembly took place of Dec 9, 1946 with Dr. Sachidanand Sinha as its interim President. Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected as its President n Dec 11, 1947.
• The Assembly framing the Constitution.had 13 Committees.
• The all-important Drafting Committee, which bore the responsibility of drafting the Constitutional document during the recess of the Constitutent Assembly, from July 1947 to September 1948, was formed on August 29, 1947. Its members were:
  1. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
  2. N. Gopalaswami Ayyar
  3. K.M. Munshi
  4. Syyed Mohd. Saadulla
  5. N.Madhav Rao
  6. D.P.Khaitan (T Krishnamachari, after Kahitan’s Death in 1948)
• It was finally passed and accepted on Nov 26, 1949. The session of the Assembly was held on Jan 24, 1950, which unanimously elected Dr, Rajendra Prasad as the President of India. In all the 284 members of the Assembly signed the official copies of the Indian Constitution which came into effect on Jan 26, 1950, known and celebrated as the Republic Day of India.

Dances in India

Dance in India has an unbroken tradition of over 2,000 years. Its themes are derived from mythology, legends and classical literature, two main divisions being classical and folk. Classical dance forms are based on ancient dance discipline and have rigid rules of presentation. Important among them are Bharat Natyam, Khathakali, Kathak, Manipur, Kuchipudi and Odissi.

Bharata Natyam
This dance derives its roots from Tamil Nadu and has developed into all over in India.

Kathakali
It’s a dance from Kerala

Kathak:
It is a classical dance from revitalised as a result of the fusion of Mughal influence with Indian culture

Manipuri
This dance has contributed to delicate, lyrical style of dance called Manipuri.

Kuchipudi
It is a dance having origin from Andhra Pradesh

Odissi
This dance is from Orrisa, once practised as a temple dance, is today widely exhibited by artistes across the country

Folk and tribal dances are of numerous patterns: Both classical and folk dances owe their present popularity to institutions like Sangeet Natak Akademi and other training institutes and cultural organisations. The Akademi gives financial assistance to cultural institutions and awards fellowships to scholars, performs and teachers to promote advanced study and training in different forms of dance and music especially those which are rare

 Climate Zone of India

India has 'Tropical Monsoon' type of climate. The word monsoon has been derived from the Arabic word 'Mausim' which means seasonal reversal of the winds during the course of the year.

Climate of India
The whole of India has a tropical monsoonal climate, since the greater part of the country lies within the trophies, and the climate is influenced by the monsoons. The position of the mountain ranges and direction of the rain-bearing winds are the two main factors that determine the climate of India Alternating seasons is the chief characteristic of India's Climate.

Factors Affecting the Climate of India:

1. Latitude: India lies between 8 ⁰ N and 37 ⁰ N latitudes. The Tropic of Cancer passes through the middle of India, thus making the southern half of India in the Torrid Zone and the northern half in the Temperature Zone.
2. Himalaya Mountains: The Himalayas play an important role in lending a sub-tropical touch to the climate of India. The lofty Himalaya Mountains form a barrier which effects the climate of India. It prevents the cold winds of north Asia from blowing into India, thus protecting it from severely cold winters. It also traps the Monsoon winds, forcing them to shed their moisture within the sub-continent.
3. Altitude: Temperature decreases with height. Places in the mountains are cooler than places on the plains.
4. Distance from the sea: With a long coastline, large coastal areas have an equable climate. Areas in the interior of India are far away from the moderating influence of the sea. Such areas have extremes of climate.
5. Geographical Limits:
   1. Western Disturbances: The low pressure systems that originate over the eastern Mediterranean region in winter and move eastwards towards India passing over Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan are responsible for the winter rain in northern India.
   2. Conditions in the Regions Surrounding India: Temperature and pressure conditions in East Africa, Iran, Central Asia and Tibet determine the strength of the monsoons and the occasional dry spells. For example, high temperatures in East Africa may draw the monsoon winds from the Indian Ocean into that region thus, causing a dry spell.
   3. Conditions over the Ocean: The weather conditions over the Indian ocean and the China Sea may be responsible for typhoons which often affect the east coast of India.
   4. Jet Streams: Air currents in the upper layers of the atmosphere known as jet steams could determine the arrival of the monsoons and departure of the monsoons. The Scientists are studying the jet streams and how it may affect the climate of India but much remains to be learned about this phenomena.

Following are the some of the important Indian Railway Facts

• The total distance covered by the 14,300 trains on the Indian Railways everyday, equals three & half times the distance to moon
• The first train on Indian soil ran between Bombay and Thane on the 16th of April 1853
• IR has about 63,028 route kms. of track
• IR employs about 1.55 million people
• It carries over 13 million passengers & 1.3 million tones of freight everyday
• It runs about 14,300 trains daily
• IR has about 7,000 railway stations
• The longest platform in the world is at Kharagpur and is 2,733 ft. in length
• Nehru Setu on Sone River is the longest Railway bridge
• 42 Railway companies operated in the country before independence
• Electric Locomotives are manufactured at Chittaranjan Locomotive Works, Chittaranjan
• Coaches are manufactured at ICF/Chennai, RCF/Kapurthala and BEML/Bangaluru
• The national Rail Museum at New Delhi was set-up in 1977
• People Employed in Indian Railway are about 1.6 million
• Stations across State Lines are Navapur (Maharashtra and Gujarat) and Bhawani Mandi (Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan)
• Classes of travel on Indian Railway: Ist AC, 2nd AC, 3rd AC, AC Chair Car IInd sleeper & IInd ordinary
• Railway Station with all the Three Gauges is Siliguri Railway Station

First/Longest/Oldest in Indian Railways

First Passenger Train Ran On	16th April 1853 (between Bombay to Thane)
First Railway Bridge	Dapoorie Viaduct on the Mumbai-Thane route
First Rail Tunnel	Parsik Tunnel
First Ghats Covered by the Rail lines	Thal and Bhore Ghats
First Underground Railway	Calcutta METRO
First Computerized Reservation System started in	New Delhi (1986)
First Electric Train ran on	3rd Feb' 1925 (between Bombay VT and Kurla)
Toilets on Trains were introduced in	1891 (1st Class) & 1907 (lower classes)
Shortest Station Name	Ib (Orissa)
Longest Station Name	Sri Venkatanarasimharajuvariapeta (Tamil Nadu)
Busiest Railway Station	Lucknow (64 trains everyday)
Longest Run (Time)	Vivek Express (3715 km in Approx 71 hrs)
Shortest Run	Route between Nagpur to Ajni (3km)
Longest Run for Daily Train	Kerala Express (3054 km in 42.5 hrs)
Longest Non-Stop Run (Distance)	Trivandrum Rajdhani (528 km in 6.5 hrs)
Longest Railway Platform in the World	Kharagpur (2,733 ft in length)
Longest Railway Bridge	Nehru Setu on Sone River (10044ft in length)
Longest Tunnel	Karbude On Konkan Railway between Monkey hill & Khandala (6.5 km)
Oldest Preserved Locomotive	Fairy Queen (1855), still in working order
Indian Railway's Fastest Train	Bhopal-Shatabdi (runs at a speed up to 140 Km/ph)
Train with Maximum Number of Halts	Howrah-Amritsar Express (115 halts)

intersecting facts about india 

• India is the world's largest, oldest, continuous civilization.
• India is the world's Largest democracy.
• India never invaded any country in her last 1000 years of history.
• India invented the number system. Zero was invented by Aryabhatta.
• When many cultures were only nomadic forest dwellers over 5000 years ago, Indians established Harappan culture in Sindhu Valley (Indus Valley Civilization)
• There are 300,000 active mosques in India , more than in any other country, including the Muslim world
• Sanskrit is the mother of all the European Languages . Sanskrit is the most suitable language for computer software - a report in Forbes magzine July 1987.
• Chess (Shataranja or AshtaPada) was invented in India.
• India has the second largest pool of Scientist and Engineers in the World.
• India is the largest English speaking nation in the world.
• India is the only country other than US and Japan, to have built a super computer indeigenously.
• India has the largest number of Post Offices in the world
• One of the largest employer in the world is the Indian Railways , employing over a million people
• India was one of the richest countries till the time of British rule in the early 17th Century. Christopher Columbus, attracted by India's wealth, had come looking for a sea route to India when he discovered America by mistake.
• The Baily Bridge is the highest bridge in the world. It is located in the Ladakh valley between the Dras and Suru rivers in the Himalayan mountains. It was built by the Indian Army in August 1982
• The Vishnu Temple in the city of Tirupathi built in the 10th century, is the world's largest religious pilgrimage destination. Larger than either Rome or Mecca, an average of 30,000 visitors donate $6 million (US) to the temple everyday.
• Varanasi, also known as Benaras, was called "the Ancient City" when Lord Buddha visited it in 500 B.C., and is the oldest, continuously inhabited city in the world today.
• Martial Arts were first created in India, and later spread to Asia by Buddhist missionaries.
• Yoga has its origins in India and has existed for over 5,000 years.

Salar Jung Museum 

The Salar Jung Museum is an art museum located at Darushifa, on the southern bank of the Musi river in the city of Hyderabad, Telangana, India. It is one of the three National Museums of India.^[2] It has a collection of sculptures, paintings, carvings, textiles, manuscripts, ceramics, metallic artefacts, carpets, clocks, and furniture from Japan, China, Burma, Nepal, India, Persia, Egypt, Europe, and North America. The museum's collection was sourced from the property of the Salar Jung family.

History

The Salarjung Museum is the third largest museum in India housing the biggest one-man collections of antiques in the world. It is well known throughout India for its prized collections belonging to different civilizations dating back is very largest accocation to the 1st century. Nawab Mir Yusuf Ali Khan Salar Jung III (1889–1949), former Prime Minister of the seventh Nizam of Hyderabad, spent a substantial amount of his income over thirty five years to make this priceless collection, his life's passion. The collections left behind in his ancestral palace, 'Diwan Deodi' were formerly exhibited there as a private museum which was inaugurated by Jawaharlal Nehru in 1951. Old timers believe that the present collection constitutes only half of the original art wealth collected by Salar Jung III. His employees siphoned off part of it, since Salar Jung was a bachelor and depended upon his staff to keep a vigil. Some more art pieces were lost or stolen during the shifting of the museum from Dewan Devdi to the present site.^[3] Later in 1968, the museum shifted to its present location at Afzalgunj and is administered by a Board of Trustees with the Governor of Telangana as ex officio chairperson under the Salar Jung Museum Act of 1961.

Collections

The Indian historical collections includes,^[4]

• The paintings of legendary Raja Ravi Varma
• Aurangzeb's sword.
• Jade crafted daggers of, Emperor Jehangir, Noorjahan and Shah Jehan.
• A wardrobe of Tipu Sultan and
• A tiffin box made of gold and diamond

The furniture collection belonging from the time of Louis^{[disambiguation needed]} 14th-17th and Napoleon. Salar Jung III collected about 43,000 artifacts and 50,000 books and manuscripts out of which only few are displayed in today's museum.^[5]

Galleries

The museum building in a semicircular shape with 38 galleries, spread on two floors, displays only a part of the original collections. The ground floor has 20 galleries and the first floor has 18 galleries. The exhibits on different subjects are displayed in separate galleries. Each gallery is huge and has many artefacts on display including ones dated back to the 17th century.
Apart from the galleries, there is a reference Library, reading room, publication and education section, chemical conservation lab, sales counter, cafeteria etc. Guides are available at fixed timings free of charge.^[6]

Important Exhibits

There are Aurangzeb's daggers belonging to empress Noor Jehan, emperors Jehangir and Shah Jehan, the turbans and chair of Tippu Sultan, furniture from Egypt, paintings on display. Among the sculptures stands out the world famous statue of Veiled Rebecca by G.B. Benzoni, an Italian sculptor, in 1876. Her beautiful face hazily is visible through a marble but gossamer veil. Equally captivating is a double-figure wood sculpture. It stands before a mirror and shows the facade of a nonchalant Mephistopheles and the image of a demure Margaretta in the mirror. The eastern section is of equal importance with its wide variety of silk weaving and different art forms, including layer wood cutting paintings, porcelain works and many more, dating back to almost 2nd century.^[7]

Quran Collections

The Museum has a famous Quran Collection from around the World in different fonts and designs. The Quran Written with Gold and Silver, There are many more collections of religious books,as well as Arabic Quran.^[8]

The Clock

A bewildering variety and array of clocks greets the visitor in the clock room. There are ancient sundials in the form of obelisks to huge and modern clocks of the twentieth century. Others in the range vary from miniature clocks which need a magnifying glass to imbibe their beauty and complexity to stately grandfather clocks from as far away as France, Germany, Italy, Switzerland and Britain. A visual delight is the musical clock Salar Jung bought from Cook and Kelvey of England. Every hour, a timekeeper emerges from the upper deck of the clock to strike a gong as many times as it is the hours of the day.
The Salar Jung Museum possesses a good number of clocks collected from different European countries such as France, England, Switzerland, Germany, Holland etc. The variety includes the Bird cage clocks, Bracket clocks, Grandfather clocks, Skeleton clocks, etc. The museum is also having some good examples of the clocks of the contemporary period of Louis XV, Louis XVI, and Napoleon 1st of France. The most important clock which attracts the greatest number of visitors everyday is however, a British Bracket clock. It has got a mechanical device by which a miniature toy figure comes out of an enclosure and strikes the gong and then returns back to the enclosure at each hour. ^[9]
The Indian Parliament has declared the museum an Institution of National Importance.

Visitor Information

The museum is open from 10:00 to 17:00 (except on Fri). Camera/Mobile Camera are allowed for Rs.50/-.